About LED Temperature .

Now all the street lights ( HPS or metal halogen or mercuric lights) were installed like this : Two lamps on one pole which are controled by two phase wire, this design is to save half evergy and make the working life longer through the control of the light on and off in timing. So in order to replace the traditional lamps with the LED , you have a suggestion to make our modules work with the two phase of the wires. And this is all what I understand now from your words, please confirm.2.After I communicated with our engineers ,they all have one same suggestion: we want to suggest control the brightness by controling the electric current ,and the effect will be much better than yours design :1. the working life would be much longger :The relation between the TJ and the working life when the LED brightness And the formual :TJ=RJC×PD+TC=RJC（IF×VF）+TCIF: electric current through the P and N end of the LED chip , VF : the voltageRJC : the Resistance of the radiator .TC : The environment temperatureA: So , we can reduce the TJ and the power consumption through reduceing the current. And normally ,our TJ is 60-70 degree ,the working life time is 46000-54000 hours , and the TC is 20-30 degree , and if we reduce the current by half , and the TJ can be reduced to about 40 degree ,and the the working life of LED can be 129000 hours ,which would be two times more the original . B ,if the temeprature of the street lights is low , the power supply will also have a longer working life .C, even if the power consumption reduced half ,but the brightness will just reduced 45% about not half .Compare with your method using two phase wire , firstly ,it will make it complex for you to control . second you will save the cost of the wire using on the street ,because you just need one phase . Thirdly ,if use your methord ,our lights will looks not good , such as LU6 , three modules on ,and three modules off seems not beautiful .

Winter in shenzhen

It is a warm place ,actuallly . Man always wear shirt at this moment ,with no feeling of cold .At most cover a jacket outside when there is no sunshine . It is a warm place ,really warm.

I never feel cold in this place . Even in deep winter , cover a jacket at most . Another interesting thing ,the trees is always green . Never turn yellow ,withered, it is hard to see the trees to be nude .

Never snow . Compared with the northern part ,it is a deficiency . Snow white world never comes here . As good lost as found .

Wind sometimes comes. but not frequently . Rarely rain . Once there is rain ,you really have to appreciate it if it come. Bcs rain in this time is not the same situation as in summer ,which always pouring and long lasting . Take a umbrella and walk in the rain , better with your young girl friend, no more romantic than this . If not rainning so serious , off the umbrella is also OK .
Sounds more romantic ,but always scenes in films.

Air always dry ,with low moisture ,Shenzhen is a coastal city, but the wind in this season also with low moisture. It is full of fishy smell in summer rainy days , much more better in this season. Rain in this time bring only purifying of the air . It is city ,the air is not so good as countryside .

The most attactive part is the ladies of this city in winter . Some of them are still summer dress ,shenzhen is a beautifull city full of legend and myth. So many girl come here for their dream , some got it ,some lost it , some still fighting for it . They make part of 70% population of shenzhen . Even in winter ,they are showing their best part . with skirt , short dress , smart coat , make them still look slim . you will never see a girl on a cotton padded , overstaffed , and with a scarf , hat, boots, and such staffs as in northern china . They are still showing their best .

Winter is coming , I read it from the wind . but we have no worry ,there is no cold .Even it is cold, enjoy it . If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

Hard-Fought, Historic Contest Ends With Obama Victory

Sen. Barack Obama was elected the nation's first African-American president, defeating Sen. John McCain decisively Tuesday as citizens surged to the polls in a presidential race that climaxed amid the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.
In becoming the U.S.'s 44th president, Illinois Sen. Obama, 47 years old, defeated Arizona Sen. McCain, 72, a veteran lawmaker and Vietnam War hero. Despite a reputation for bucking his own party, Sen. McCain could not overcome a Democratic tide, which spurred voters to take a risk on a candidate with less than four years of national political experience. Sen. Obama is the first northern Democrat elected president since John F. Kennedy in 1960.

Working time changed

Bulletin

There is a adjustment of our working time . Right now we do not to work at morining time , we work at night to cater to our American customers .

Working time:
China time. (GMT +8) 2:00PM-6:00PM

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Wang Yongqing---A Good Example for China's Tycoons

Renowned Taiwan Plastics Tycoon Wang Yung-ching died in his sleep at the age of 91.
An article in the Beijing News says that Wang Yung-ching was admired not only for his role in economic cooperation across the Taiwan Strait but also his great contribution to Chinese charities.
Dubbed as "Taiwan's second richest man" by Forbes, Wang Yung-ching built 10,000 schools in China and took the lead in donating money to victims of the Sichuan earthquake.
The article says an entrepreneur's contribution to society can be judged from how much they donate to charity.
It points out that charity is a mark of a country's civilization. Wealthy people who are willing to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor by their donations are a symbol of success.
The article adds that those who receive charity often have untapped potential. If rich people lend them a hand, they can climb out of poverty by themselves.
The author concludes by implying that Wang Yung-ching has set a strong example of selflessness for China's wealthy elite.

A brief history of LED lighting

The use of Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology in the lighting industry is a relatively new phenomenon. This is primarily because it is only in recent years that high intensity devices have become available.There are two key areas where this technology will influence the lighting industries during the next decade: Illumination and Effects.Illumination: Illumination generally calls for the use of white light. LED’s cannot produce white light; they can only produce a specific colour of the spectrum.The LED is a semiconductor device made from a combination of chemically polarised semiconductors. The chemical composition is chosen to define the energy of the electrons that pass across the boundary between the two types of semiconductor. This electron energy is converted to light as electrons flow though the device. The electron energy defines the wavelength of the resultant coloured light. So how can LED technology be used to produce white light? There are twopossible approaches. The first was pioneered by Nichia in Japan in 1996:A blue LED is coated with a white phosphor. When blue light hits the inner surface of the phosphor, it emits white light. This technology is now seen in commercial applications, but there are still some worries about the life cycle of the technology. It has been noted that the phosphor can degrade, reducing the light output, over a period of years. Current life estimates are of the order of 6 years.The second method of producing white light is to use additive mixing of the three primary colours red, green and blue. This scheme is finding some applications, but by the nature of additive mixing, the white tends not to be very even in its spectrum.Effects:Effects lighting is an area where LED lighting has found an unassailable niche.Effects lighting invariably calls for colour, it is here that additive mixing of red,green and blue excel.The concept of mixing the light output of LED’s was probably first implemented in 1979 by Jerry Laidman a t a company called Sound Chamber. The product named ‘Saturn’ involved a spinning propeller. Each of the three wings of the propeller was constructed of circuit boards fitted with red, green and yellow LED’s. (Blue LED’s had not yet been invented!)Each of the LED’s was controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) allowing the intensity of each individual LED to be controlled. With the propeller spinning,the product could generate a huge number of colours. Jerry is now with Lighting& Electronic Design (L.E.D.) in Las Vegas.The next technology jump occurred in 1993, with the invention of the blue LED by Nichia.In early 1994, Artistic Licence prototyped what is believed to be the first full colour mixing design using red, green and blue LED’s. The design used pulse width modulation of each colour channel, with a Zilog Z8 microprocessor receiving the colour request via the relatively new DMX512 protocol. The principal worked, but the LED brightness and cost was such that the design could not yet become a product.By 1997, Nichia had very high brightness blue and green LED’s and Hewlett Packard (Agilent) were producing very high brightness red LED’s. This was the year that the brightness – cost ratio crossed the critical line on the graph. It was now possible to produce products using the concept.It is expected that more companies will commence manufacturing LED solutions over the coming years. The initial cost per unit reductions have been fuelled primarily by the use of LED’s in Traffic Lights and ‘Third’ Brake Lights. As the volume continues to increase, prices will drop further allowing more and more innovative lighting solutions to find applications.So where is the technology going?There are numerous promising area of development:In Belgium, LumiLed, a joint venture between Philips and Agilent, are developing ultra high brightness LED’s.In Japan, Nichia continues to push the brightness – cost ratio. In England, Cambridge Display Technology succeeded in producing the World’s first blue light emitting polymer (LEP) and have now gone on to produce a white organic LED (OLED). Currently all development in this field is aimed at producing technology that can be used in colour display screens, but watch this space! In the USA, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Nano Structures Lab) are working on a device called a Photonic Band Gap LED. Initially the research is aimed at improving the efficiency of single colour LED’s. Extensions of this research could lead to a LED where both colour and intensity can be set electronically. The potential for effects lighting are staggering!In England, Artistic Licence is pioneering new techniques for electronic controlof LED intensity. Recent developments include a system called Frequency Modulation. Frequency Modulation provides a number of benefits compared to the older Pulse Width Modulation technique. The most notable of which is the ability to produce higher resolution control over the low intensity range. This is of particular interest in colour mixing applications. What are the benefits of LED Lighting?

There are many:1. Low power consumption compared to conventional lighting2. No ultra-violet output. The UV component of conventional lighting cancause damage to fabric.3. Very little heat is produced in the light output, reducing the cost ofbuilding air conditioning and allowing lighting to fit into positions too smallfor conventional lights.4. Lamp life is very long; most LED manufacturers estimate 100,000 hours.5. Ecologically friendly.6. Light weight manufacture.7. Coloured light can be produced by controlling the power to each primarycolour, so no power is wasted

History of light & lighting

In the beginning it was dark and cold. There was no sun, no light, no earth, no solar system. There was nothing, just the empty void of space. Then slowly, about 4.5 billion years ago, a swirling nebula, - a huge cloud of gas and dust was formed. Eventually this cloud contracted and grew into a central molten mass that became our sun. At first the sun was a molten glow. As the core pressure increased, and the temperature rose to millions of degrees - a star was born. Through the process of thermonuclear hydrogen fusion, the sun began to shine.
THE SUN - (c 4 Billion BC)Our sun is an atomic furnace that turns mass into energy. Every second it converts over 657 million tons of hydrogen into 653 tons of helium. The missing 4 million tons of mass are discharged into space as energy. The earth receives only about one two-billionths of this. Scientists calculate that the sun should keep burning for another 10 to 30 billion years. It has been estimated that in 15 minutes our sun radiates as much energy as mankind consumes in all forms, during an entire year.
The sun is approximately 93,000,000 miles from the earth, 864,000 miles in diameter, and is only an 'average' star in size, brilliance and age. There are more than 100 billion other stars in our sun's own galaxy, the Milky Way. Energy, with a color temperature of approximately 6500 degrees Kelvin, is received on earth, from the sun. It takes light from the sun approximately 8 minutes to reach the earth. The illumination on the earth's surface by the sun may exceed 100,000 lux, (10,000 fc) in mid summer.
The first lamp was invented around 70,000 BC. A hollow rock, shell or other natural found object was filled with moss or a similar material that was soaked with animal fat and ignited. Humans began imitating the natural shapes with manmade pottery, alabaster, and metal lamps.

Wicks were later added to control the rate of burning. Around the 7th century BC, the Greeks began making terra cotta lamps to replace handheld torches. The word lamp is derived from the Greek word lampas, meaning torch. Oil Lamps
In the 18th century, the central burner was invented, a major improvement in lamp design. The fuel source was now tightly enclosed in metal, and a adjustable metal tube was used to control the intensityof the fuel burning and intensity of the light. Around the same time, small glass chimneys were added to lamps to both protect the flame and control the flow of air to the flame. Ami Argand, a Swiss chemist is credited with first developing the principal of using an oil lamp with a hollow circular wick surrounded by a glass chimney in 1783.
Lighting Fuels
Early lighting fuels consisted of olive oil, beeswax, fish oil, whale oil, sesame oil, nut oil, and similar substances. These were the most commonly used fuels until the late 18th century. However, the ancient Chinese collected natural gas in skins that was used for illumination.
In 1859, drilling for petroleum oil began and the kerosene (a petroleum derivative) lamp grew popular, first introduced in 1853 in Germany. Coal and natural gas lamps were also becoming wide-spread. Coal gas was first used as a lighting fuel as early as 1784.
Gas Lights
In 1792, the first commercial use of gas lighting began when William Murdoch used coal gas for lighting his house in Redruth, Cornwall. German inventor Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent coal gas lighting in 1804 and a "thermolampe" using gas distilled from wood was patented in 1799. David Melville received the first U.S. gas light patent in 1810.
Early in the 19th century, most cities in the United States and Europe had streets that were gaslight. Gas lighting for streets gave way to low pressure sodium and high pressure mercury lighting in the 1930s and the development of the electric lighting at the turn of the 19th century replaced gas lighting in homes.
Electric Arc Lamps
Sir Humphrey Davy of England invented the first electric carbon arc lamp in 1801.
· How Arc Lamps WorkA carbon arc lamp works by hooking two carbon rods to a source of electricity. With the other ends of the rods spaced at the right distance, electrical current will flow through an "arc" of vaporizing carbon creating an intense white light.
All arc lamps use current running through different kinds of gas plasma. A.E. Becquerel of France theorized about the fluorescent lamp in 1857. Low pressure arc lights use a big tube of low pressure gas plasma and include: fluorescent lights and neon signs.
First Electric Incandescent Lamps
Sir Joseph Swann of England and Thomas Edison both invented the first electric incandescent lamps during the 1870s.
· How Incandescent Lamps WorkIncandescent lightbulbs work in this way: electricity flows through the filament that is inside the bulb; the filament has resistance to the electricity; the resistance makes the filament heat to a high temperature; the heated filament then radiates light. All incandescent lamps work by using a physical filament.
Thomas A. Edison's lamp became the first commercially successful incandescent lamp (circa 1879). Edison received U.S. Patent 223,898 for his incandescent lamp in 1880. Incandescent lamps are still in regularly use in our homes, today. This bulb keep us lighted more than one hundred years
Lightbulbs
Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Alva Edison did not "invent" the first lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. For example: two inventors that patented an incandescent lightbulb before Thomas Edison did were Henry Woodward and Matthew Evan. According to the National Research Council of Canada:
"Henry Woodward of Toronto, who along with Matthew Evans patented a light bulb in 1875. Unfortunately, the two entrepreneurs could not raise the financing to commercialize their invention. The enterprising American Thomas Edison, who had been working on the same idea, bought the rights to their patent. Capital was not a problem for Edison: he had the backing of a syndicate of industrial interests with $50,000 to invest - a sizable sum at the time. Using lower current, a small carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside the globe, Edison successfully demonstrated the light bulb in 1879 and, as they say, the rest is history."
See - Timeline of Lightbulbs
First Street Lamps
Charles F. Brush of the United States invented the carbon arc street lamp in 1879.
Gas Discharge or Vapor Lamps
American, Peter Cooper Hewitt patented the mercury vapor lamp in 1901. This was an arc lamp that used mercury vapor enclosed in glass bulb. Mercury vapor lamps were the forerunners to fluorescent lamps. High pressure arc lights use a small bulb of high pressure gas and include: mercury vapor lamps, high pressure sodium arc lamps, and metal halide arc lamps. Neon Signs Georges Claude of France invented the neon lamp in 1911.
Tungsten Filaments Replace Carbon Filaments American, Irving Langmuir invented an electric gas-filled tungsten lamp in 1915. This was a incandescent lamp that used tungsten rather than carbon or other metals as a filament inside the lightbulb and became the standard. Earlier lamps with carbon filaments were both inefficient and fragile and were soon replaced by tungsten filament lamps after their invention. See - Tungsten Wire History
Fluorescent Lamps
Friedrich Meyer, Hans Spanner, and Edmund Germer patented a fluorescent lamp in 1927. One difference between mercury vapor and fluorescent lamps is that fluorescent bulbs are coated on the inside to increase efficiency. At first beryllium was used as a coating however, beryllium was too toxic and was replaced with safer florescent chemicals.
Halogen Lights
U.S. Patent 2,883,571 was granted to Elmer Fridrich and Emmett Wiley for a tungsten halogen lamp - an improved type of incandescent lamp - in 1959. A better halogen light lamp was invented in 1960 by General Electric engineer Fredrick Moby. Moby was granted U.S. Patent 3,243,634 for his tungsten halogen A-lamp that could fit into a standard lightbulb socket. During the early 1970s, General Electric research engineers invented improved ways to manufacture tungsten halogen lamps.
In 1962, General Electric patented an arc lamp called a "Multi Vapor Metal Halide" lamp.




The next generation of illumination world. LED




In next article ,we will introduce the history of LED .